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Thread: Aluminum Bronze Axe Head

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    Aluminum Bronze Axe Head

    I recently started learning to cast metals that have higher melting points than lead and pewter. Here is a pictorial history of the process of casting an aluminum bronze axe head. The head is a modeled on an historic 10th century Viking (Norwegian) axehead. I copied a picture from the British Museum's webpage, enlarged it to the dimensions indicated in it's description, and printed that as a template for my pattern. The original axe had a D-handle eye, while mine has a 3 degree slope tomahawk eye. The original was iron with an inserted steel bit. Mine preserves the shape of that junction between iron and steel, but is just a design element instead of the location of an actual joint. The aluminum bronze alloy is 88% Cu, 1.5% Ni, and 10.5% Al. It peens nice and hard, and I have hacked a 2" square piece of maple with the blade without deformation or need to resharpen -- the edge picture below is after that usage.

    Some things I learned:

    The axe is too heavy, by about 10 ounces. The axe body is overall too thick -- it's 1/4" thick across the flat of the blade -- should be about 1/8"; it's 5/16" thick around the eye -- should be about 3/16"; it's 3/8" thick across the faux bit weld -- should be about 1/4". I was a little bit limited by my pattern material (wood), and afraid that if I carved it too thin, especially across the flat, that it would deform or split from stresses in the wood.

    The fine facing sand worked well at picking up detail. I got much better surface detail and smoothness than with regular greensand. I was even able to pick up the detail of some cellophane tape that I used to cover some peg holes in the pattern.

    My sand was too wet, the steam created upon pouring molten aluminum bronze into the mold generated gas jets that pitted the bottom of the casting.

    I did a good job with the riser and gating system -- no shrinkage or voids in the poured axe head. Tobho Mott gave me valuable advice on this aspect of the molding process.

    I need to make my pattern more accurate, and finish it better -- imperfection in the pattern will only be duplicated in the final casting.

    Pattern side view. Blade is about 4 1/4". Axe head is about 6 1/2" long. The wood used was a poplar 1x6 from the big box hardware store. This started out 1 1/2" thick, but most of it was chiseled and filed away. Aluminum Bronze Axe Head-sq7nhem.jpg

    Back view of axe head pattern showing poll. Aluminum Bronze Axe Head-kw4fqkd.jpg

    Side view of pattern. Aluminum Bronze Axe Head-ifuwdle.jpg

    Bottom view of pattern. Aluminum Bronze Axe Head-hia9ibo.jpg

    Top view of pattern. After removing so much wood, the remaining wood de-stressed some along the blade, resulting in the gap that you see, but only on the edges, not in the center. It was worse, but I put clamps on it and got it to move as much as I could back to a flat position. Aluminum Bronze Axe Head-hk3fcef.jpg

    Painted axe head and handle dummy. The handle dummy was used to cast the core by making a mold out of plaster of Paris, and then filling that with sand mixed with stove gasket cement, which I learned from watching Tobho Mott's YouTube video on how to make cores --
    The core worked very well. Aluminum Bronze Axe Head-c23gzm4.jpg

    Inside of the axe pattern with dummy handle pattern. The handle pattern on the left is face up to show the holes that index on the pegs in the axe head eye. The handle pattern on the right is showing the inside surface to show how the handle pattern is fitted together with pegs inside. Aluminum Bronze Axe Head-mbjv8i8.jpg

    Drag rammed up. The pegs have been removed from the handle pattern that will fit down on this part, as the handle patterns index on the axe head, and don't need to be held together once they are fitted to the axe head. The axe head still has the pegs in it (the other half does, not this one), and it will index onto this part of the pattern, thus everything will be aligned for ramming up the mold. (file too big for this board -- link is here: https://i.imgur.com/L2PPnmu.jpg )

    Top half of pattern in place, ready to ram the flask. The other parts are the sprue bottom (blue) and a bit of a runner (wood) that will be completed free hand. Aluminum Bronze Axe Head-fthinqw.jpg

    Rammed and ready to pour. (again, file too large -- link here: https://i.imgur.com/tV95eMZ.jpg )

    That stuff is HOT! You can see that it is already cooling and sucking metal down into the part from the riser (this is the riser by the back of the axe.) Aluminum Bronze Axe Head-16azjfl.jpg

    You can see the sand and furnace cement (sodium silicate based) core in the pattern. I forgot to take a shot of it in the empty mold.

    I made the core in two parts, like the wooden pattern, in a plaster mold. Then I put it in a 5 gallon bucket with some vinegar and baking soda ( CO2 to harden the sodium silicate) and sealed it up for a couple of hours. It seemed hard after that, but I also baked the core halves (in the plaster molds) at 400F for 1 hour and 550F for 1 hour. It was hard to get them out of the mold, and one half broke, but I managed to glue it back together with wood glue. I glued the two core halves together with regular wood glue, then baked it at 200F for a couple of hours to dry everything out. Aluminum Bronze Axe Head-0pupj6r.jpg

    Upper side of the pour. Very good detail on the casting, and pretty smooth finish. It even picked up the two dowels that I left slightly proud on the pattern (I meant to do that -- no, really!) You can see, though, that I barely made enough metal to pour the mold. I would like to have had the risers about 2" higher. This is about 2.5 kg of metal. Aluminum Bronze Axe Head-rwhssve.jpg

    The bottom has the dreaded gas pits. The sand is probably too wet. There are only a few really ugly ones, and they don't go more than about 2 mm deep. The core held its shape very well. It was hard to break apart, especially getting it out from the inside of the axe. Aluminum Bronze Axe Head-yona0x9.jpg

    Comparison -- bottom side of casting. If you look closely, you can see that the casting picked up the detail of the cellophane tape that was covering the peg holes on the pattern. Aluminum Bronze Axe Head-0bdmdws.jpg

    Now to cut it free and get it cleaned up! Aluminum Bronze Axe Head-mw2kdni.jpg

    (There are a few unincluded images and a bit more information in the Imgur album here: https://imgur.com/a/RdMpU5k )

    Finished aluminum bronze hand axe. Handle is maple (with a little bit of curl in spots.) Axe handle is 17" long. Axe head is 6 1/4" from blade to poll, and edge is 4 1/4" long. Maple handle was split from a log and hand carved to size. Axe head weighs 1 pound 12.4 ounces -- 804 grams. Aluminum Bronze Axe Head-j1adkc0.jpg

    Left side of axe head. This side was the top (cope) side of the casting, and the rough casting had very little pitting on it. You can see that the edge of the blade has been peened. The surface has been sanded to an 800 grit. Aluminum Bronze Axe Head-qwy2bia.jpg

    Right side of axe head. This side was the bottom (drag) side of the casting. It was fairly heavily pitted, but I was able to grind out most of the pits, although a few remain, including one large one that measures 1/8" -- 3mm -- in diameter and about 2mm deep. Aluminum Bronze Axe Head-slihd1g.jpg

    Edge of axe. The edge is sharp enough to chop with, but it won't slice paper easily. I haven't actually sharpened it properly, but have just filed it to an edge and sanded it before peening. I chopped a 2" square piece of maple with this edge and it did not dull any. You can see a little bit of the curl in the maple handle. Aluminum Bronze Axe Head-mmeum0o.jpg

    Close-up of the peened edge. I might peen this side some more. The other side is peened a little bit more than this. The peening work hardens the aluminum bronze so that it will hold an edge without deforming. Aluminum Bronze Axe Head-koi096s.jpg

    This is the large pit on what was the bottom (drag) side of the axe. Again, it's about 3mm in diameter and 2mm deep. Aluminum Bronze Axe Head-caq9vyw.jpg

    Left hand view of the axe. Aluminum Bronze Axe Head-xd9pva0.jpg
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  2. The Following 12 Users Say Thank You to CEvonK For This Useful Post:

    durrelltn (Jun 23, 2022), high-side (Feb 23, 2019), Jon (Nov 23, 2018), Lee Bell (Nov 30, 2018), neilbourjaily (Nov 23, 2018), Paul Jones (Feb 23, 2019), PJs (Nov 24, 2018), ranald (Nov 23, 2018), rossbotics (Nov 24, 2018), Seedtick (Nov 23, 2018), suther51 (Nov 23, 2018), Toolmaker51 (Nov 24, 2018)

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    Terrific work and excellently told. Only keep this in mind regarding the eye: A core that doesn't collapse well may cause a crack in the metal. It is more likely the crack in the Liberty Bell resulted from a core that did not collapse, than from excessive clapping. Get a copy of the US Navy Foundry Manual. It's available online.
    Download plans for forging and casting tools.

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    CEvonK (Nov 23, 2018), cmarlow (Nov 24, 2018), Paul Jones (Feb 23, 2019), PJs (Nov 24, 2018), Toolmaker51 (Nov 24, 2018)

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    Thanks, I hadn't heard of that, but I could see how it might be possible for as the casting shrinks around the core. I'll look for the foundry manual.

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    Pretty work.
    cheers

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    CEvonK (Nov 23, 2018)

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    Supporting Member rossbotics's Avatar
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    Excelent work and a great write up, thanks for sharing with us

    Doug
    Comments are always welcome
    Doug

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    Well detailed write-up, to be sure. I haven't cast in decades though I really enjoyed it and relate with all the tribulations you convey.
    I'll double on the foundry manual, likely best collection on subject in a single cover. On aluminum bronze as a material, I had to research it's particulars, industrial use and relations with other bronze compositions. One surprise; a component in dies drawing stainless steel! We use it once in awhile labeled as one of the Dura Bar family.
    https://www.avivametals.com/collections/aluminum-bronze
    I'll tease you about length of your post. Halfway through figured I'd wait for the movie, until deciding further that industry hasn't compiled how to do anything in decades...
    Last edited by Toolmaker51; Nov 24, 2018 at 05:04 AM. Reason: useful link
    Sincerely,
    Toolmaker51
    ...we'll learn more by wandering than searching...

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    CEvonK (Nov 24, 2018)

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    You could cover the gas pitting by engraving in a Viking Rune over the area.
    http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-A5qWxn41Av...SaxonRunes.jpg


    amirlach

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    CEvonK (Nov 24, 2018)

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    That's a good idea. I need to make some gravers, but I've got to get some tool steel for that. I do have a little electro-etching set that I've made from some thrift store transformers, and it works fine on steel, but I haven't tried it on the aluminum bronze yet.

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    Thanks CEvonK! We've added your Aluminum Bronze Axe Head to our Forging and Casting category,
    as well as to your builder page: CEvonK's Homemade Tools. Your receipt:




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    Supporting Member JoeVanGeaux's Avatar
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    Quote Originally Posted by amirlach View Post
    You could cover the gas pitting by engraving in a Viking Rune over the area.
    http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-A5qWxn41Av...SaxonRunes.jpg


    amirlach
    Excellent suggestion! One bit of caution, though, is to check a couple of sites regarding Viking runes; since, many people wind up with ridiculous quotes when doing a one-for-one rune transliteration. (An example is there doesn't look to be any occurrences of double consonants in Old Norse written language.)

    A college professor named Jackson Crawford has an entire Youtube series of informative (and very interesting) talks on Viking runes. (I don't want to distract from the intent of the topic but there are several versions, or iterations(?), of runes depending on the time period of interest. However, it also looks to be that there are no really strict rules for punctuation which can be used to your advantage. Look for the use of a single period or a colon to separate words - one strategically placed punctuation may do the trick!)

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